Hubungan kadar kolesterol dengan kejadian hipertensi pada lansia: The relationship between cholesterol levels and hypertension among the elderly

St. Umrah Maulia; Hasbullah; Zakariyati

doi:10.47539/jktp.v8i2.486

Authors

St. Umrah Maulia Institut Ilmu Kesehatan Pelamonia, Makassar
Hasbullah Institut Ilmu Kesehatan Pelamonia, Makassar
Zakariyati Institut Ilmu Kesehatan Pelamonia, Makassar

Keywords:

Kadar kolesterol, hipertensi, lansia

Abstract

Hipertensi merupakan masalah kesehatan utama pada kelompok lanjut usia (lansia) yang berkontribusi signifikan terhadap morbiditas dan mortalitas kardiovaskular. Salah satu faktor risiko biologis yang berperan penting dalam patofisiologi hipertensi adalah peningkatan kadar kolesterol total yang memicu aterosklerosis dan peningkatan resistensi vaskular perifer. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan kadar kolesterol dengan kejadian hipertensi pada lansia di Poliklinik Kesehatan Monginsidi 14.09.02 Kesdam XIV/Hasanuddin. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kuantitatif non-eksperimental dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Sampel berjumlah 54 lansia peserta Program Pengelolaan Penyakit Kronis (Prolanis) yang dipilih melalui teknik total sampling. Data dikumpulkan melalui pemeriksaan kadar kolesterol total menggunakan Point of Care Testing (POCT) terkalibrasi dan pengukuran tekanan darah oleh tenaga medis. Analisis bivariat dilakukan menggunakan uji chi-square, sedangkan analisis multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik untuk mengontrol variabel usia, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, dan pekerjaan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara kadar kolesterol dengan kejadian hipertensi pada lansia (p < 0,001). Lansia dengan kadar kolesterol risiko sedang memiliki risiko hipertensi 3,15 kali lebih tinggi (OR = 3,15; 95% CI: 1,05–9,45), sedangkan lansia dengan kadar kolesterol risiko tinggi memiliki risiko 6,82 kali lebih tinggi (OR = 6,82; 95% CI: 2,30–20,12) dibandingkan lansia dengan kadar kolesterol normal. Pentingnya pengendalian profil lipid sebagai bagian integral dari manajemen hipertensi pada layanan kesehatan primer, khususnya dalam program Prolanis.

Hypertension is a major health problem among the elderly and contributes significantly to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. One important biological risk factor involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension is elevated total cholesterol levels, which promote atherosclerosis and increase peripheral vascular resistance. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between cholesterol levels and the incidence of hypertension among elderly individuals at the Monginsidi Health Polyclinic 14.09.02, Kesdam XIV/Hasanuddin. This study employed a non-experimental quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 54 elderly participants enrolled in the Chronic Disease Management Program (Prolanis), selected using a total sampling technique. Data were collected through measurements of total cholesterol levels using calibrated Point of Care Testing (POCT) devices and blood pressure assessments conducted by medical personnel. Bivariate analysis was performed using the chi-square test, while multivariate analysis employed logistic regression to control for age, sex, education, and occupation. The results showed a significant association between cholesterol levels and the incidence of hypertension among the elderly (p < 0.001). Elderly individuals with moderate-risk cholesterol levels had a 3.15-fold higher risk of hypertension (OR = 3.15; 95% CI: 1.05–9.45), while those with high-risk cholesterol levels had a 6.82-fold higher risk (OR = 6.82; 95% CI: 2.30–20.12) compared with elderly individuals with normal cholesterol levels. These findings highlight the importance of lipid profile control as an integral component of hypertension management in primary healthcare services, particularly within the Prolanis program.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Benetos, A., Petrovic, M., & Strandberg, T. (2019). Hypertension management in older and frail older patients. Circulation Research, 124(7), 1045–1060. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313236

Chen, L., Zhang, X., & Wang, F. (2020). Vascular resistance and its effect on blood pressure regulation in elderly individuals. Journal of Hypertension Research, 18(2), 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhr.2020.01.004

Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. (2022). Profil Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan tahun 2022. Makassar: Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan.

Infodatin. (2022). Infodatin Lansia Berdaya, Bangsa Sejahtera. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.

Karo, I. E. B., Wibhuti, I. B. R., & Wiryawan, I. N. (2020). Kadar low-density lipoprotein (LDL) tinggi berhubungan dengan peningkatan severitas sindrom koroner akut. Intisari Sains Medis, 11(3), 1174–1177. https://doi.org/10.15562/ism.v11i3.658

Kim, S., & Park, E. (2022). Cross-sectional analysis of lipid profile and blood pressure correlations in elderly populations. Clinical Hypertension, 28(1), 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40885-022-00196-2

Lee, M., Kim, B., & Lim, H. (2021). Interactions of serum lipid profiles with dietary sodium and hypertension risk in older adults. Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases, 31(8), 2181–2190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2021.01.020

Lesar, I. F., Modjo, D., & Sudirman, A. A. (2023). Hubungan antara kadar kolesterol dalam darah dengan kejadian hipertensi pada lansia di Puskesmas Tabongo Kabupaten Gorontalo. Jurnal Medika Nusantara, 1(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.59680/medika.v1i2.267

López-Jaramillo, P., Coca, A., Sánchez, R. A., et al. (2021). Hypertension in older adults: A comprehensive review of risk and management strategies. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension, 15(3), 220–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jash.2021.03.005

Mensah, G. (2024). Advancing heart, lung, blood, and sleep research. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 6(1), 2013.

Mohtar, C. F. A., Widyayanti, O. A., & Pratiwi, M. I. N. (2022). Hubungan kadar kolesterol total dengan tekanan darah pada pasien hipertensi di Rumah Sakit Tingkat III 04.06.01 Wijaya Kusuma Purwokerto. Jurnal Nurse, 5(2), 1–10.

Narayanthi, N. K. S., Sarihati, I. G. A. D., Burhannuddin, & Bekti, H. S. (2024). Hubungan kadar kolesterol total dengan tekanan darah pada lansia di Desa Peliatan Ubud Gianyar. Jurnal Analis Kesehatan, 13(2), 88–92.

National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). (2020). Guidelines on the management of blood cholesterol. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Nugraha, H., Andriana, S., & Maulana, R. (2020). Faktor risiko hipertensi pada ibu rumah tangga di pedesaan. Jurnal Kesehatan Indonesia, 29(2), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jki.2020.05.007

Oliveros, E., Patel, H., Kyung, S., Fugar, S., Goldberg, A., Madan, N., & Williams, K. A. (2020). Hypertension in older adults: Assessment, management, and challenges. Clinical Cardiology, 43(2), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.23303

Papadaki, A., Nolen-Doerr, E., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2020). The effect of the Mediterranean diet on metabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials in adults. Nutrients, 12(11), 3342. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113342

Pradono, J., Kusumawardani, N., & Rachmalina, R. (2020). Hipertensi: Pembunuh terselubung di Indonesia. Lembaga Penerbit Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan (LPB), Kementerian Kesehatan RI. https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/10

Qomariyah, N., Kahar, F., & Putri, M. F. (2022). Hubungan kadar kolesterol dan tekanan darah pada komunitas lansia RW IX Kelurahan Sendangmulyo Kecamatan Tembalang Kota Semarang. Jurnal Analis Kesehatan Klinikal Sains, 10(2), 163–174. http://jurnal.univrab.ac.id/index.php/klinikal

Sari, D. R., Setiawati, S. R., & Setiawan, M. (2021). Access to healthcare and hypertension awareness among elderly women. Indonesian Journal of Public Health, 18(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.28932/ijph.2021.01.003

Sartik, T., Tjekyan, R. S., & Zulkarnain, M. (2017). Risk factors and the incidence of hypertension in Palembang. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, 8(3), 180–191. https://doi.org/10.26553/jikm.2017.v8i3.180

Smith, J., Johnson, A., & Brown, R. (2021). Age-related changes in blood pressure regulation and its implications for hypertension management. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine, 35(4), 123–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcvmed.2021.03.010

Tandra, H. (2021). Kolesterol & trigliserida. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Unger, T., Borghi, C., Charchar, F., et al. (2020). 2020 International Society of Hypertension global practice guidelines for the management of hypertension. Hypertension, 75(6), 1334–1357. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026

World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Ethics and governance of health research in human participants. Geneva: World Health Organization.

World Health Organization (WHO). (2023). Global report on hypertension. Geneva: World Health Organization.

Yuliana, L., Nugroho, T., & Sari, D. R. (2020). Postmenopausal hormonal changes and hypertension risk among elderly women. Cardiovascular Health Journal, 27(3), 198–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvhj.2020.03.001

Zhou, B., Perel, P., & Mensah, G. A., et al. (2022). Global epidemiology and management of hypertension and dyslipidemia: Joint perspective. European Heart Journal, 43(10), 987–1002.